Longitudinal field survey during deployment of an emergency autogenous vaccine against Betanodavirus in farmed giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus): Multiple factors contribute to outbreak and survival
Betanodavirus or nervous necrosis virus (NNV) continues to pose a formidable threat to aquaculture worldwide, with a widening host range and outbreaks incurring significant mortalities in both hatchery and grow-out phases.