Swim bladder inflation failure and associated spinal deformities in giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus
Giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus, GG) is a valuable aquaculture species in Southeast Asia. Its farming is challenging, and the occurrence of spinal deformities is one of the bottlenecks found in aquaculture production. This study investigated the development of the swim bladder (SB) in GG and a possible causative relationship between failing to inflate the SB and spinal deviations in juvenile fish.

